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Polish traditions in Catholic churches of the Ruhr area

Altar of Mary in the St. Barbara Church in Dortmund-Eving, around 1900

Mediathek Sorted

Media library
  • Town panorama of Oberhausen, around 1955 - A pit frame from the Concordia coal mine in the centre, in the background to the left the “Gute Hoffnung” (“Good Hope”) ironworks, right the St. Mary Catholic Church
  • “Colony” houses for miner families in Castrop-Rauxel-Habinghorst - Postcard from approx. 1910 with Polish and German writing
  • Typical symbols of the Ruhr region from Essen-Katernberg: “Zollverein” Coal Mine I/II, railway station and two churches - Postcard, stamped 1905
  • “Prosper” Coal Mine, Sacred Heart of Jesus Church and Polish bookshop - Postcard from Bottrop with Polish writing, stamped 1907
  • Two coal mines, church, department store, post office and dairy - Postcard from Dortmund-Derne, stamped 1898
  • “Zollverein” Coal Mine I/III, war memorial and village church from pre-industrial era - Postcard from Dortmund-Kirchlinde, around 1900, with writing in Czech
  • Catholic church St. Joseph in Dortmund-Kirchlinde - To create more space for immigrant miner families the old village church was given a new, monumental bell tower and a sweeping neo-Gothic nave in 1904–1906.
  • Twin tower façade of the neo-Gothic St. Mary Church in Herne-Baukau - Clay bricks were used, typical for the Ruhr area in the industrial era
  • Corinthian capitals made from brick clay - Main doorway of the St. Mary Church in Baukau
  • Protestant church (“Old Church”) in Essen-Altenessen - Built 1887–1890
  • Steel pillars in the “Old Church” in Essen-Altenessen - Likely donated by the Essen steel industry
  • St. Nicholas Church in Essen-Stoppenberg - Built 1906–1907
  • St. Nicholas Church in Essen-Stoppenberg - The church space is designed based on the ideals of Christocentric architectural theory: Unification of parishioners of various nationalities in the joint celebration of Holy Communion.
  • Holy Cross Church in Gladbeck-Butendorf - Built 1912–1914 according to Christocentric ideals on the initiative of Johannes van Acken, pastor of Gladbeck hospital
  • Holy Cross Church in Gladbeck-Butendorf - Christocentric interior
  • A festively dressed group in front of the portal entrance to St. Barbara of Röhlinghausen - Photo card (a Polish feast of the Virgin Mary?), 1912 at the earliest (the year of the church’s consecration)
  • The Redemptorist Monastery in Bochum - The Monastery was the residence of Polish pastors in the Ruhr area from 1885–1894 who were recruited from West Prussia. Postcard, around 1910
  • Franciscan monastery and church in Dortmund - Padres from this monastery were in charge of pastoral care in the Ruhr area for a while.
  • Black Madonna in the Jasna Góra monastery in Częstochowa - Icon on wood from the 14th century
  • Popular colour print of the miraculous image of the Black Madonna - Owned by a Ruhr-Polish family, beginning of 20th century
  • Depiction of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa on a Ruhr-Polish association flag from Gladbeck - Beginning of 20th century
  • Jesus, Mary and Joseph in the Stanislaus Kostka Cathedral in Lodz - Detail from the Stanislaus Kostka altar, around 1911–12
  • Holy Joseph in his carpentry workshop. The boy Jesus helps him with his work. - Detail from a window in the St. John Church in Recklinghausen-Suderwich. Glass painter workshop Wilhelm Derix / Kevelaer, 1907
  • The Holy Barbara with a miner on each side - Sculpture group in the St. Joseph Church in Chorzów / Königshütte (Upper Silesia), around 1910
  • Altarpiece in the parish church of Ostrava-Mariánské-Hory (Czech Republic) - An injured miner has a vision in which Barbara sends a priest to give him Holy Communion. Apostle Peter repels a devil which wants to secure the soul of the miner. Around 1910
  • Barbara gives Holy Communion to a miner. - Ruhr-Polish association flag from Gladbeck (see above). Reverse side
  • The patron saint of miners in the St. Barbara Church in Dortmund-Dorstfeld - Sculpture from 1898
  • Depiction of the Holy Jadwiga (Hedwig of Anjou) on an association flag from Bochum-Gerthe - “Towarzystwo św[iętej] Jadwigi w Gerthe, zał[ożone], 17/5/1896”
  • Memorial plaque in St. Joseph Church in Essen-Katernberg - With the names of 183 fallen in the First World War and figurines of Martin of Tours and Gereon of Cologne, patron saints of soldiers. 1927–1928
  • Polish and German names of fallen soldiers - Detail from the Katernberg memorial plaque
  • Madonna of the Rosary from approx. 1890 from the St. Joseph Church in Gelsenkirchen-Schalke - With her darkened face, the Mary figure resembles the “Black Madonna” of Częstochowa. The Easter picture from 1956 also shows St. Clara (left) and St. Elisabeth (right).
  • Holy Hedwig as patron saint of refugees and displaced persons in post-war Germany - Section from a colour window in the St. Apostles Church in the Nordstadt district of Dortmund from Günther Reul, 1958–1960
  • The new Catholic church in Herne-Röhlinghausen - Front view, 2023
  • The former high altar in Röhlinghausen - Unfolded, 2023
  • The former high altar in Röhlinghausen - Wings folded closed, 2023
  • Bishop and missionary Adalbert was murdered by pagan Baltic Prussians in East Prussia in 997. - Relief on bronze doorway (from around 1175) of Gniezno Cathedral
  • Adalbert shrine in Gniezno Cathedral - The silver figure was stolen in 1986 and mostly destroyed and so had to be replaced with a copy.
  • Adalbert memorial from 1997 in front of the former Protestant parish and garrison church in Gniezno - The city was part of the German Empire until 1918. In 1945 the building was Catholicised and Polonised, i.e. newly consecrated as the “Church of the Holy Mary, the Queen of Poland”.
  • The winged altarpiece of Röhlinghausen - Elisabeth of Thuringia and Adalbert of Prague
  • St.-Johannes-Kirche church (St. John Church) in Recklinghausen-Suderwich - The apse in the foreground serves as St. Joseph’s Chapel.
  • Choir window from 1904 in the St. John Church in Recklinghausen-Suderwich - Stanislaus Kostka on bottom right
  • Tarcisius, Stanislaus Kostka, Thomas Aquinas  - Depiction of three saints in the right-hand window of the main choir in St.-Johannes-Kirche church in Recklinghausen-Suderwich
  • On behalf of Barbara, the patron saint of mining, two angels give the ailing Stanislaus Kostka Holy Communion - Copper engraving by Hieronymus Wierix (1563 – before 1619)
  • The Mother of God hands Stanislaus the baby Jesus. - Depiction on the Stanislaus Kostka altar in Lodz Cathedral, around 1910–1911
  • Stanislaus Kostka holds infant Jesus on his arm. - Depiction in the right-hand choir window of the St. John Church in Recklinghausen-Suderwich from 1904
  • St. Barbara Church in Dortmund-Eving - Exterior view
  • Altar of Mary in the St. Barbara Church in Dortmund-Eving - Around 1900
  • German donation inscription on the Eving Altar of Mary - St. Barbara Church in Dortmund-Eving
  • Polish donation inscription of the Eving Altar of Mary - St. Barbara Church in Dortmund-Eving
  • St. Apostles Church in the Dortmund district of Nordstadt - Exterior view
  • Confessional booth from 1907 - From the St. Apostles Church in the Dortmund district of Nordstadt
  • Polish inscription on the confessional booth from 1907 - From the St. Apostles Church in the Dortmund district of Nordstadt
  • Mission cross in the Dortmund church St. Apostles - Donated 1907, likely by Ruhr Poles
  • St. Joseph Church in Dortmund-Nette - Exterior view
  • Polish mission cross from 1913 - in the St. Joseph Church in Dortmund-Nette
  • Polish inscription on the mission cross - In the St. Joseph Church in Dortmund-Nette
  • St. Getrudis Church in Recklinghausen-Hillerheide - Exterior view
  • Mission cross from the St. Getrudis Church in Recklinghausen-Hillerheide, 1911 - Today owned by the “RELiGIO” museum in Telgte
  • Polish brass inscription on the missionary cross from 1911 - From the St. Getrudis Church in Recklinghausen-Hillerheide
  • St. Anna Church in the Unionviertel district in Dortmund - Church of the Polish Catholic Mission (Polska Misja Katolicka) since 2003
  • Ciborium from the St. Anna Church in Dortmund, around 1910 - According to an inscription the holder of Communion bread was a gift from the Polish women of St. Anna
  • Polish inscription on the holder of Communion bread - From the St. Anna Church in Dortmund, around 1910
  • Holy Trinity Church in the Dortmund district of Nordstadt - Exterior view
  • Communion chalice from the Dortmund Holy Trinity Church - Goldsmith’s workshop Hermann Cassau / Paderborn, 1913
  • Base of the Mass chalice from Dortmund Holy Trinity Church - Polish donation inscription, 1913
  • Ruhr-Polish association flags in the St. Anna Church in Dortmund (left) - Owned by Porta Polonica
Marienaltar der St.-Barbara-Kirche in Dortmund-Eving, um 1900 – Foto: Porta Polonica / Philipp Harms, 2026
Altar of Mary in the St. Barbara Church in Dortmund-Eving, around 1900

Concluding comments
 

In retrospect, the following can be said about the topic of sacred traditions: The Christocentric architecture of Catholic churches from the early years of the 20th century commemorates the mass migration and points to the necessity of a joint celebration of Mass to help overcome latent tensions between the faithful of different nationalities. The Poles set their own tone by not only deepening the already common worship of worker patron saint Joseph in the Ruhr area but also the mining patron Barbara. They brought a specific holy cult to their new home, the worship of the Mother of God of Częstochowa as well as various Polish national saints. They were involved in the construction of new churches and donated inventory: altars and confessional booths, mission crosses and liturgical items.

It should be noted that there are still dozens of Polish association flags in the Ruhr area today. Some are found in churches, others now in museums, in private or association collections. [ ., ., ., . ] A systematic observation and scientific documentation is yet to happen.

Many of these donated objects increasingly lost their symbolic value and thus also their appreciation with the departure of a large number of “Ruhr Poles” after 1918 and the national integration of the remaining immigrants in Germany. During the following decades, much was removed from the places of worship, disposed of and destroyed. This makes what remains even more valuable, especially when a donation inscription in Polish commemorates the strained cultural and social history of the Ruhr area. 

 

Thomas Parent, March 2026

 

Selected bibliography:
 

van Acken, J[ohannes]: Festschrift zur Einweihung der Kirchen zum Hl. Herzen Jesu und zum Hl. Kreuze in Gladbeck, Gladbeck i. W. 1914. Faksimilierter Nachdruck des Originals, ed. by Ralph Eberhard Brachthäuser, Gladbeck 2022.

Bachem-Rehm, Michaela: Die katholischen Arbeitervereine im Ruhrgebiet 1870–1914. Katholisches Arbeitermilieu zwischen Tradition und Emanzipation, Stuttgart 2002.

Brandt, Hans Jürgen: Die Polen und die katholische Kirche im Ruhrgebiet 1871–1919, Münster 1987.

Brandt, Hans Jürgen: Schalke 91. Eine katholische Arbeitergemeinde im Ruhrgebiet mit Tradition, Paderborn 1991.

Haida, Sylvia: Die Ruhrpolen. Nationale und konfessionelle Identität im Bewusstsein und im Alltag 1871–1918, phil. Diss., Bonn [masch.] 2012.

Kleßmann, Christoph: Polnische Bergarbeiter im Ruhrgebiet 1870–1945. Soziale Integration und nationale Subkultur einer Minderheit in der deutschen Industriegesellschaft, Göttingen 1978.

Murphy, R. C.: Gastarbeiter im Deutschen Reich. Polen in Bottrop 1891–1933, Wuppertal 1982.

Murzynowska, Krystyna: Die polnischen Erwerbsauswanderer im Ruhrgebiet während der Jahre 1880–1914, Dortmund 1979.

Parent, Thomas (texts) und Thomas Stachelhaus (photos): Kirchen im Ruhrrevier, 1850–1935, Münster 1993.

Parent, Thomas: Gute Arbeit, hoher Lohn. Zukunftsversprechen für polnische Immigranten ins Ruhrgebiet und ihre Einlösung, in: War die Zukunft früher besser? Visionen für das Ruhrgebiet, Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung, Essen 2000, p. 43–60.

Peters-Schildgen, Susanne: „Schmelztiegel“ Ruhrgebiet. Die Geschichte der Zuwanderung am Beispiel Herne bis 1945, Essen 1997.

Stefanski, Valentina-Maria: Zum Prozess der Emanzipation und Integration von Außenseitern. Polnische Arbeitsmigranten im Ruhrgebiet, 2nd ed., Dortmund 1991.